There's money to be made in moving land to the right place. A study was carried out on impact of land reclamation through sand mining of coastal communities in Ikate and Ilubirin in Lagos, Nigeria. The Great Garuda, Indonesia Project cost: $40bn (28bn) | Land to be reclaimed: 12.5km2. Land policy in Nigeria is influenced by government and culture. Ilubirin is also a new one which has been viewed as a viable project that is being undertaken by the Lagos State Ministry of Housing and First Investment Development Company, and it is estimated to gulp about $500million (N200 billion). The system of reclaiming land can be achieved through various methods. The governments position was contained in a statement jointly signed by the Commissioner for Physical Planning and Urban Development, Dr. Idris Salako and his counterpart in the Ministry of Waterfront Infrastructure Development, Kabiru Ahmed Abdullahi. Private investors reclaim coastal areas to execute private business that would boost their economic fortunes. Swampy soils are also locally reinforced with hard soils known as chikoko and left for some years to solidify before houses are built on it. On the Eko Atlantic project, the Managing Director of South Energyx Ltd., David Frame said that the project has been fortified with a wall known as The Great Wall of Lagos, adding that the wall has the capability to ward off flood storms in hundreds/thousand years. The only one that Lagos state government is not involved is Imperial City which is done in partnership between the Elegushi Royal Family and Channeldrill Resources Limited. The project is a replica of striking islands like Songo International Business District in South Korea and Palm Deira in UAE which were also achieved through land reclamation. For instance, establishment of refinery in a locality leads to the reclamation of more coastal lands to harbor the cluster of people who come to seek for jobs. Land reclamation and excessive tree felling have seen China's mangrove forests shrink from 500,000 hectares in the 1950s to 150,000 hectares today. Nigeria land cover time series (1975, 2000, and 2013) Download land cover and graphs data. red, white and black mangroves) and seeds of nipa palm and Heritiera littoralis. In Nigeria reclaimed land is used to build residential quarters, road network, vegetation production, grazing, recreation, shopping complex and refuse disposal site. An example is a nipa palm invaded area. Nigeria has the largest population of any African country. Located in the west-central part of Nigeria, Minna is a quiet and beautiful city in Nigeria. It is also gathered that China also reclaimed 13,455 hectares of land from the sea in 2010; and this has some multiplier effects on the economy of the communist state as it earned over 7.82 billion yuan in revenue for the government, among other socio-economic results it yielded. The ordinance was a contributory factor to the formation of Planning Agency known as Lagos Executive Development Board (LEBD) then. Permits are issued by DEC for annual terms of up to five years and may be renewed. Some of the areas are Yaba, Akoka, Bariga, Oworoshoki, Gbagada, University of Lagos, Sabo, Surulere, Ketu, Festac, Isolo, Egbeda and Owode Onirin. Introductory Chapter: Landscape Reclamation as a K Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Nigeria. Nigeria, officially known as the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country that is located on the western coast of Africa. Water can be drained from shallow areas, or the bed raised, making the land available for development. Probably half of The Netherlands is a reclaimed land from the sea. These days, it has transmuted into the Land Use Act (LUA), encapsulated within the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria 2004. Everyone wants to own a house, especially in Lagos, because the land is not large enough. Land can either be physical or economic. Land that is reclaimed is used for construction of schools, hospitals, roads and bridges. This is because their adventitious root system traps sediments during tidal flow, and accumulate it over a long period of time. In the same vein the wheel of the bulldozers fragments the soil particles and makes it porous and prone to leaching or wind erosion. Reclamation is carried out by both government and private developers. Continuous mining leads to the deformation of the coast lines and the destruction of aquatic organisms, which results in extinction of species. Expansion of creeks allow for navigational activities, commerce and construction. One, two, three, four, five, 42, 43 and 44 long years later, the Land Use Decree of 1978, promulgated by the military regime of General Olusegun Obasanjo, now retired, remains the governing law on land use in Nigeria. He said that it would attract influx of investments and would boost socio-economic activities in the area, adding that there would be provision for mall and other crucial infrastructures that would improve the aesthetics and security of the axis. The direct causes include: (i) land expansion, (ii) construction activities, (iii) land acquisition and (iv) succession (land-forming activities of mangroves). The Missouri Department of Natural Resources is the administrative authority working through the Missouri Mining Commission. Land reclamation requires heavy construction work, bulldozers, scrapers, excavators, continuous operation . Gabriel Martinelli starred as Arsenal moved five points clear at the top of the Premier League with a 4-0 rout of struggling Everton on Wednesday. Land in the Niger Delta area is in large demand because of traditional and cultural beliefs attached to the possession of land [1]. 08 February 2021 | While speaking with Vanguard, Osawe said he sees nothing wrong with the exercise, in as much as it is done in the proper way. Luloff, James By Jamilah Mohd Salim, Maizatul Azwa Radzi, Sheriza M IntechOpen Limited Similarly, the contamination of surface and ground water with used engine oil can pollute the ground water aquifer, thus affecting neighboring community that drink water from bore hole and hand dug well. But due to increase in population size through births and emigrations the town no longer has enough space to accommodate the increasing population. It was proposed in 2018 and scheduled to be completed in 2025, but the $600 billion project wouldn't have residents moving in until 2032 when housing construction is complete. The latest reclamation project Lantau Tomorrow Vision, for example, is an ambitious plan to reclaim 1,700 hectares of land for more public housing. However, as viable as the reclamation activities are, many analysts, as well as the residents of the communities where the reclamation activities are taking place, take dim view of the activities. Reclamation can be defined as the chemical or physical manipulation carried out in severely degraded sites, such as open pit mines, abandoned crude oil well or large-scale construction site [6, 7]. The dehydration of the intertidal areas cuts off dissolved oxygen and food supply to aquatic species. Creating an artificial island is an expensive and risky undertaking. African Development Bank Group (http://www.AfDB.org) President Dr.Akinwumi Adesina has appointed Senegals former minister Amadou Hott, as his Special Envoy and global champion for the Alliance for Green Infrastructure in Africa (AGIA). This estimate was made using Arc GIS [9]. Inflow of river water brought in seeds of different species of mangroves (e.g. The implication of the influx of activities at the coast is the solidification of the swamps resulting to the gradual loss of biodiversity [11]. The scouring of the river bottom crushes and destroys a lot of organisms such as shell and non-shell fish community in that location. Leakage of diesel oil from heavy duty machines such as bulldozers and trucks also pollutes the soil. The same is being experienced in many reclaimed lands in many parts of the world. It is also referred to as the process of improving lands to make them suitable for more intensive use. The fishing business of the residents of the community has gone pear-shaped since the land reclamation activity has begun. While this is a fairly high percentage, the rural populations have dwindled down in recent years, down from 85% in 1960. This occur in small communities around the Niger Delta area that originally had small populations at its founding. This is a list of selected cities, towns, and other populated places in Nigeria, ordered alphabetically by state. Prince Harry and his wife Meghan are being evicted from their home on the British royal family's Windsor estate, a spokesperson said Wednesday, leaving them without a UK base. (A) Graph of species population along sampling points (T1, T2 and T3) indicates a decrease in number of species from point T1 (high nutrient content) to point T3 (low nutrient content); and (B) graph of concentration of physico-chemicals along within sites T1, T2 and T3. This process of land reclamation is known as infilling while the materials used for it is known infilll. The possibility of restoring a reclaimed landscape is very low because of the interplay of successional forces. It is crucial to the environment's welfare both now and in the future. In the same vein, birds feed and nest in the dense foliage. Commenting on the economic benefits of the project in the areas where it is taking place, Bamigbetan said: The waterfront has, by the reclamation, been extended. During clearing heavy machinery fell trees. In its own definition, ritchiewiki website describes land reclamation as a process of repairing or restoring disturbed land to a useful state which can be used for construction and industrial activities. It also involves the establishment of well heads and booth camps. Invasion: this is as a result of the migration of people into coastal communities in search of new technologies that provide job opportunities. A Federal High Court, Abuja, on Tuesday, dismissed a certificate forgery suit filed by the Action Alliance (AA) against Sen. Bola Tinubu, presidential candidate of the All Progressives Congress (APC). Nigeria has a total of 36 states, and 774 Local Government Areas that are spread across the 39th most populous country in the world. This method is suitable for granular fill. In the course of this period a small outlet was created by the side of the sand filled area, which allowed the entry of river water into the sand filled area during high tide. Degraded coastal landscape would be remediated by taking away excavated polluted soil and replacing it with swamp soil. Deposited sand is usually evacuated by trucks to buyers. Rural areas, which consist mostly of low-density grid cells (<300 inhabitants per km 2 ). In a natural seedling recruitment, after a disturbance event the first set of species that settle and colonize an area are the pioneer species. Logging activities destroys plant cover along the coast and creates a passage for people to enter to hunt for rare animals or harvest wild plant species. Fast-growing cities in the Gulf and Southeast Asia are turning water into real estate at a spectacular pace and scale. Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam is backing a plan to throw $64 billion . They have been raising eyebrow as regards the possible environmental pitfalls it may result to; and also, and how the activities have hampered the commercial activities of the affected communities as most of the residents engage in fishing as their major source of income and livelihood. Transition from mangrove to terrestrial location occurs by natural process. The uppermost layer or photic zone is 10m of water and absorbs 80% of solar energy, which carries out primary productivity. Proliferation of urban areas had resulted to the increase in the encroachment of human activities around the coast. Anthropogenic activities around the coast is detrimental to its sustainability because of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [5]. According to him, disruption of the ecology would also have a negative impact on the people living in the affected area. The situation also highlights contradictions in Nigeria's legal and regulatory frameworks. These areas are usually port or coastal locations that attract people from other parts of the world. The presence of mangroves along the coast stabilizes and reinforces the soil against erosion. The intertidal zones serve as a platform for carrying out reclamation by hosting heavy machinery such as bulldozers, dredgers and trucks, which are used to dredge the ocean bottom and pump out sand, which is used to fill the area. Areas close to the shore are also sand filled to connect bridges. The provisions of the EIA Act No. The key to understanding Lagos, Africa's most populous city, is in the water. Chapter 6Reclamation Methods6.1 DRY METHOD6.2 HYDRAULIC RECLAMATION METHOD6.3 REHANDLING FROM A REHANDLING PIT6.4 HYDRAULIC FILLING6.5 SAND SPREADING6.6 PUMPING INSIDE THE BUNDSThere are several methods of land reclamation, depending upon the type of fill material, foundation soil, topography of the seabed, the availability of equipment, and allowable fine material for reclamation. Every citizen of Nigeria is empowered to acquire and own immovable property anywhere in Nigeria. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project w. hich kick started in 2008. Land is highly priced and many have died for its sake through fratricidal wars and communal clashes because of its scarcity. This leads to the impairment of the health of aquatic and terrestrial organisms around the reclaimed area. Licensee IntechOpen. It involves the creation of zones of use that include core, buffer and transition zones. One of the focal points is the much touted urban development that has taken place in Eti-Osa LGA, via land reclamation exercise, especially since 1983 when the Lagos state government began to allocate the Lekki Peninsula for urban development purpose. The process in Figure 7 may be reversible or irreversible and if not reversible can lead to the total loss of the mangrove forest and the coastal community. The promise of accelerating growth, however, is questionable. The sand-filled area to date has no mangrove growth, but rather different grass species. In 1946, Town and Country Planning Ordinance (CAP155) was enacted to make provision for comprehensive planning schemes that would boost economic development in the city through several urban planning activities that included land reclamations. Together the system of management is called ecosystem management, which is a way of managing reserve to benefit biodiversity and people. The intertidal environment is naturally a tough place for organisms to live, however, with the addition of reclamation activities the ability of organisms to survive is denigrated. This is because such activities lead to the clearing of the mangrove forest and other coastal vegetation. The sand filled area became the dumping ground for sand, where trucks evacuated the sand to buyers. Despite the negative consequences of coastal land reclamation to aquatic species, it can add some economic value if used for non-intrusive agricultural activities. Landscape that is formed at the end of the solidification process of the swamp becomes attractive to land speculators who sand fill and reinforce the area in other to carry out construction work. Others include the ongoing construction on the sand-filled former marshy area, renamed Golden View Estate, Ejigbo, along Ejigbo/Ikotun road by Cele-Egbe Bridge, the 100-hectare Gracefield Island to accommodate over 10,000 residents in Lagos Lagoon, the controversial 45-hectare Apple Island project, as well as reclamation activities in Lekki and Ajah areas. He stressed that Lagos characteristic is majorly defined by informal activities stressing that it may not be a total surprise that a large -scale project such as sand filling reclamation or dredging could slip through formal process. But in most cases no proper EIA or landscape assessment is carried out [5]. Metro Land Reclamation: Safety concerns of a sand-filled Lagos July 16, 2014 BY ChARLES KUMOLU LOCATED in between Obalende and Third Mainland Bridge. 3:02 am. Perhaps, the most popular so far among the land reclamation projects is Eko Atlantic City project which kick started in 2008. This condition is believed to be caused by high concentration of soil nutrients at the end of the sand fill area that flowed in with the river water during high tide. Oil companies clear coastal forest and set up oil wells and pipelines in swampy locations. It also affects soil-dwelling organisms from adverse impact on water and soil quality. Crude oil pipeline and well head situated in reclaimed coastal area in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Minna. It should be noted that land reclamation is not peculiar to Nigeria alone; it is an age-long practice that is common in many parts of the world; coastal areas to be precise. In 2014, an area measuring 100m50m was dredged and sand filled. The reason is to increase the land surface area for the purpose of building houses to accommodate more members of the community or establish more infrastructure. They engage in it with a view to getting additional land for industrial purpose, building, roads construction and other activities. The major purpose of land reclamation is to restore degraded land, but in the Niger Delta land reclamation is used to acquire land from coastal communities for the purpose of expanding land surface for construction of houses for human habitation. Ibidun Adelekan, claimed further in its article Vulnerability of Poor Urban Coastal Communities to Flooding in Lagos that the present development of the Lekki Peninsula has been embarked upon with little or no consideration for sea-level rise, arguing that this trend poses serious risks of flooding. Two major activities that devastate coastal areas are sand mining and off-shore dredging. Open Access is an initiative that aims to make scientific research freely available to all. In an assessment of over 136 port cities, the UN body ranked the city of Lagos as 38th as regards exposure to flooding. This means areas that had been cleared and sand filled could be opened up again to be interconnected with the river, so that it will gradually become alive and revert to its original form [11]. Almost every coastal area in the Niger Delta has had one abandoned project or the other, one of which is sand dump. Land reclamation, usually known as reclamation, and also known as land fill (not to be confused with a waste landfill ), is the process of creating new land from oceans, seas, riverbeds or lake beds. Ten waters (8 surface and 2 groundwater sources), 10 soil samples and air were collected and taken for analysis. I see nothing wrong in sand filling or perhaps reclaiming land from the sea. The method is mostly regarded as the simplest one. Liverpool moved into the Premier League's top six as goals from Virgil van Dijk and Mohamed Salah deepened Wolves' relegation fears with a 2-0 defeat at Anfield. Before exploration the site is prepared through pilling, dredging, sand filling, grading and concreting. One of the experts that have called on the Lagos state government to soft-pedal on the reclamation exercise is a former Surveyor General of the Federation, Peter Nwilo. According to them, the city has long been vulnerable to flood in recent times, while environmental safeguards have continued to be weakened. He said: Because of the necessity for land use, people end up the sand filling and tend to utter nature and in that instance create chaos or disorder in the natural balance and so we see the impact almost immediately. Analyzing further, Adelekan posited that the changing land cover in the Lagos coastal area shows that between 1986 and 2002, the amount of developed land comprising. Towns and cities along the West African coastline have become prominent as important contributors to national gross domestic products (GDPs). The deadline for the reclamation activity is 2022. It is often carried out in areas experiencing space constraints such as coastal cities or to increase the availability of agricultural land. However, there was significant difference in species abundance in the study site T1 (130 species), T2 (116 species) and T3 (60 species). More often the wealthy and highly placed people in the society purchase and develop coastal areas, by building residential mansions, hotels and sea-side resorts. The development of the Eko Atlantic City is being done in collaboration between Lagos state government and the organised private sector that is responsible for the funding of the project. According to history, Minna was a labour camp for railway construction and this led to . Dredged and sand filled areas in Buguma, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Intertidal areas, which are above water lines, are more often the site for reclamation. By doing that, the aquatic nature of the area will be disrupted and there are aquatic animals living in the sea, Afegbua added. This is because of the rising spate of sand mining activities that had taken over most coastal areas. The soil chemistry is also affected by the manures and fertilizers that come from the farm and the waste from fish ponds. Undoubtedly it would be technically possible to reclaim much, possible most of the Wash, but there are a couple of obstacles. Public position begets public scrutiny and it opens up a vista of shared opinions, assumptions and commentaries on the affairs of governance and public trust. Mangroves are regarded as land forming organisms [10]. The Act was designed purposely to make provision for slum clearance, land reclamation, estates for industrial and residential purposes as well as to carry out extensive and land use planning in Lagos. The dehydration of the addition of pollutants and contaminants [ 5 ] 2 sources! Such as coastal cities or to increase in the dense foliage shore are also sand filled areas in towns in nigeria where land reclamation is common Niger. 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