Wilson. Dime (1995:30-31) argues that the diagnosis of diseases in an African traditional healing system is a twofold event. 4th ed. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies 8600 Rockville Pike Each transcript was coded line by line and these codes were organized into higher-order conceptual themes. When Western biomedical practitioners overlook, or scorn the supernatural convictions held by group individuals they risk distancing the very individuals they look to treat. Qolle spirits are mostly venerated by buttering the natural objects, burning incense, tying around these objects strips of ropes or even a bunch of hair [Female, Study Community # 5]. Our study provides an excellent example of why health education and primary health care delivery interventions need to take into account what people actually do and the beliefs that drive their actions. Google Scholar. The SlideShare family just got bigger. Or if A decreases, B correspondingly decreases. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. You can read the details below. 2007;2:942. Qualitative content analysis was used. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. A high level of its acceptance was responsible for the progress in fathoming the nature of diseases leading to a significant decline in the proliferation of diseases. A world survey. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. For long, man was groping in darkness about the causation of disease. After their migration from the southern part of Ethiopia, before embracing Islam as their religion, the people of the Tehuledere region continued to make use of their indigenous Cushitic beliefs and practices [7]. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Just as members of a society work together to fulfill a society's needs, culture exists to meet its members' social and personal needs. 2022 Dec;9(6):2560-2567. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01190-6. Interviews lasted 11.25h, were conducted in the informants private homes or while sitting in public spaces in the villages (See Additional file 1 for the complete interview guide). Only single germ is responsible for causation of a specific disease. The finding that God/Allah is held responsible, at least indirectly, for causing most illness is a very common finding among third world countries, especially those in Africa [2]. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. A second well respected ritual spirit, articulated in all five female focus groups as a spirit for health, is Chelle. Chelle is regarded as a goddess of fecundity, whose power is associated with fertility of women, maintenance of a healthy family, and acquisition of a good harvest. Nigeria is now the second largest HIV disease burden in the world after South Africa which has 7.1 million (19% of global epidemic) burden of the disease, though prevalence is stable at 3.4% [38,39]. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Geneva: Jossy-Bass World Wide Review; 2007. Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Given the large geographical area and the number of small communities in the region, a decision was made to study five communities in depth to make the best use of the time and resources available. If we see someone leave home at the wrong time, we say he is going to bring affliction [Male, Study Community # 4]. Ogbogu PU, Noroski LM, Arcoleo K, Reese BD Jr, Apter AJ. Google Scholar. This article's focus on disease causation derives from the emphasis on the political, economic, and cultural context of illness that characterizes Africanist scholarship in this field. Antonitto A. TG and HB served as supervisors of all data collection, analysis and review of the original paper. Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. All attention was focused on microbes and their role in disease causation. Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Disease Causation; Theories; Models. Naturalistic theory A theory of a disease causation where illness results from upset of the balance between the person and environment Naturalistic theory examples;Humoral , Ayurvedic ,and vitalistic approaches Humoral theory In case you need help on any kind of academic writing visit website www.HelpWriting.net and place your order, Do not sell or share my personal information, 1. The germ theory of disease came to the forefront, supplanting the earlier theories of disease causation. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. Google Scholar. These two terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used interchangeably. Mesfin H, Teferi G, Heather B. Poverty in general was identified as leading to poor health: If a person has a low income, then he would be weak. All focus group discussions and interviews were conducted, audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim in Amharic. Example: the more purchases made in your app, the more time is spent using your app. commun.). Focus Group Discussions and In-depth Interviews Guide. Therefore, the explanatory model of illness causation in this community was very similar to that of the Murdock model with one key difference: social elements need to be added to the model. In addition, the focus groups and interviews were supplemented by 5months of extensive field work which allowed the communities ample time to get to know (and become used to) the researchers. So if he is able to work well and come back home without any stress, he becomes healthy [Male, Study Community # 1]. The sample was diverse in terms of age and sex and agro-ecological condition of the setting. Fracastoro proposed that contagious diseases are caused by transferable "seed-like entities," which we now call germs.
The .gov means its official. The absence of peace and happiness that comes from families fighting, and from them being not supportive of one another were all aspects that were viewed by the women participants as being key contributors to illnesses. Multifactorial causation of disease theory was proposed by Pettenkofer. Health Disparities of Cardiometabolic Disorders Among Filipino Americans: Implications for Health Equity and Community-Based Genetic Research. At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. 1991;630:212-22. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb19590.x. The culture of a people is their identity as it affords them due recognition. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. hbbd```b`` (0
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Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. While nationalistic disease theories explain disease in . Medicine finally shed the rags of dogma and superstition and put on the robes of scientific knowledge. A Historical Survey of Social and Economic Condition in Wallo 1872-1917, 8th International conference of Ethiopian Studies, A.A. 1984; p. 1. power point presentation, Epidemiology and preventive veterinary medicine.docx1, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, University of Amsterdam and University College London, Herbal Antimicrobials to Counter AMR.pptx. Anderson R. The efficacy of ethnomedicine: research methods in trouble. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. This paper argues that disease etiology is the key to cross-cultural comparison of non- Western medical systems. Presence of worry was also seen as part of being cause of illnesses, as one female participant explained: If he is angry, then he wont do his work, he would just be distracted by worrying too much, I think that might lead to other diseases.But we worry about everything which is another cause of illness; we get ill with the very little thing [Female, Study Community # 4]. This . Being an archipelago consisting of 7,107 islands, the Philippines has approximately 175 ethnolinguistic groups with their own unique cultural identity and health practices. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . Int J Environ Res Public Health. He carefully reflected on how the data collection process influenced his own perceptions, and how other people respond to him. In these communities, illness is perceived to have supernatural (e.g., almighty God/ Allah, nature spirits, and human agents of the supernatural), natural (e.g., environmental sanitation and personal hygiene, poverty, biological and psychological factors) and societal causes (e.g., social trust, experiences of family support and harmony; and violation of social taboos). . All qualitative data from participant observations, in-depth interviews, fieldwork, personal memos and informal conversations were organized using NVivo 10 computer software. Theories of Africans is one of the most important contributions to francophone African literary studies in the past few years. Contrary to the result of this study, circulatory diseases were the leading cause of death in developed countries / high-income countries [7,8,29]. Participants in most focus groups maintained that trust in ones married partner determines ones health. Spirit Mediumship and society in Africa. Table 1 presents the Filipino words depicting the cultural beliefs and their corresponding English translation. Environmental sanitation is one key cause of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: The water around the lake has altered its nature. By using this website, you agree to our Thus for many indigenous peoples, including those in the current study, when health is restored through the use of biomedicine, it is still necessary to conduct ritual acknowledgment of the nature-spirit intervention as part of the recovery process [27]. Foster M, Anderson B. In the mid-19th . Then we stay healthy [Female, Study Community # 4]. These are the things that make up its constitution and cause its pains and health. A qualitative ethnographic method was conducted in Tehuledere Woreda, an administrative unit in the north-east of Ethiopia [14] (see Fig. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. Download Free PDF Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). There were a number of different forces in this category including: Almighty God/Allah or Egziabher, the nature spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb, wuqabi, awlia, zar and jinn), and human supernatural agents such as sihir, Buda/witch, Abagar and Rekebot. What are the cultural theories of disease causation in nigeria Theories of disease causation..ppt 1. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Sagar Aryal is a microbiologist and a scientific blogger. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4052-y. CAS The participants in the study communities believe that if they honour the spirits, they will be rewarded by good health and that if the spirits are forgotten or ignored, the protection they provide may be withdrawn which will lead to illness or death. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. In 1890 Robert Koch proposed specific criteria that should be met before concluding that a disease was caused by a particular bacterium. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. [Female, Study Community # 3]. 2016 Nov;46:121-126. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2016.09.001. and transmitted securely. In other words, the spirits supposedly reside in some human beings and rituals and/or prayers need to be performed to withdraw the evil spirits impacting ordinary people through these human agents. Creswell JW. 2023 The Biology Notes. (3) ecosocial theory and related multi-level frameworks. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Map of Tehuledere Woreda, South Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State, North-eastern Ethiopia, 2014 [15]. THEORIES CONCERNING THE CAUSATION OF DISEASE. Ethiop J Health Dev. However, others acknowledge that indigenous medicine should be embraced as an important part of health care systems in indigenous communities [35]. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. Following introductory discussions with community leaders/representatives, ten focus group discussion sessions (one all male and one all-female in each kebele) were conducted. The sample consisted of 21 participants, 11 females aged 19-61 years (Median 44 years) and 10 males aged 22-65 years (Median 52 years). J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. The current Ethiopian indigenous health strategy (the National health strategies with regard to Indigenous Solution reported in March 2015) acknowledges the need to support components of indigenous medication including recommendations to explore potential beneficial aspects [31]. . WHO. Stress from family dynamics or lack of social support from families were also identified as being potential causes of illness: if I dont discuss good things with my husband and kids, if were unhappy, there will be neither peace nor health in the family [Female, Study Community # 1]. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. First, germ theory separated the disease from the person suffering from the disease. 2005;83(1):7. [Female, Study Community # 2]. A Seminar Work Presented to the Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Calabar. Tehuledere was selected for the study because of the rich and unique indigenous medicinal beliefs, and practices in the area. However, the germ theory of disease has many limitations. The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur, the English surgeon Joseph Lister, and the German physician Robert Koch are given much of the credit for development and acceptance of the theory. Germ theory was first clearly stated by an Italian physician named Girolamo Fracastoro in the mid-1500s. Cite this article. The health extension workers may be best positioned to identify strategies for integration which may lead to improved health outcomes for the local community and provide guidance regarding how best to use the limited primary health care resources [30]. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Two principal etiologies are identified: personalistic and naturalistic. Cultural theories of crime provide distinct frameworks to understand the influence of human agency, social forces, and peers on behavior. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. EMJ. Epub 2016 Sep 11. Wiki User 2009-11-03 20:50:12 This answer is: Study guides Science 14. Google Scholar. Disobeying elders causes ailment. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Springer Nature. Despite its existence and continued use, indigenous medicinal knowledge as well as education, training and research in the area, have lacked official recognition and support [3]. These forces also have the ability to heal one from these spells. He is interested in research on actinobacteria, myxobacteria, and natural products. The number of participants in each focus group ranged from 8 to 12. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and He attended St. Xaviers College, Maitighar, Kathmandu, Nepal, to complete his Master of Science in Microbiology. California Privacy Statement, The site is secure. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the If you dont tell the truth, you and your family will fall ill. The wadaja prayers we observed on various occasions were directed to obtaining peace, health, wealth, seasonal rain, good harvest, protection from misfortune, safety for children and cattle, etc. A guy will be healthy person [if] he keep agrees with his neighbors and doesnt argue, one that doesnt hold grudges, one that lives with others in peace. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546)
Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. The culture of the Tehuledere region reflects a mix of pre-Christian indigenous beliefs, as well as Christian, Muslim and migrant Cushitic Oromo (largest ethnic groups in Ethiopia) influences. Meadows LM, Morse JM. Ulin PR, Segall MH, editors. Itis a particular abnormal, pathological condition that affects part or all of an organism. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Soc Sci Med. Prev Chronic Dis. We say in our culture, if there are arguments and fights there will be no peace then, it would shorten your life and laughter will be away from you. . The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. [Female, Study Community # 5]. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. All participants: the water around the lake has altered its nature around lake. Of illnesses that was recognized by all participants: the more time is spent using your.... Of human agency, Social forces, and peers on behavior poor health applying! That any information you provide is encrypted Soc Sci Med identified as leading to poor health: a... Terms seem to mean essentially the same thing and are often used.!, audiobooks, magazines, and peers on behavior [ 35 ] diverse terms! The Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness and HB served supervisors! The preference centre important part of health Sciences, University of Calabar as leading to poor health: If person. 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